Taxation

In this section

Choose a subsection first. Deeper term pages live inside each subsection, which keeps large topic hubs readable.

529 Plan

A 529 plan is a tax-advantaged savings account used to pay qualified education expenses.

Accounts & Contributions

Retirement account terms for 401(k), IRA, Roth, SEP, SIMPLE, self-employed plans, salary deferrals, and contribution tax treatment.

Accumulated Earnings Tax (AET)

Accumulated Earnings Tax (AET) is a business-tax concept used to evaluate company tax obligations, after-tax cash flow, and financial reporting effects.

Active Income

Active income is income earned from labor, services, or active business participation, often taxed differently from passive income.

AGI

U.S. tax measure that reduces gross income by allowed adjustments and shapes eligibility for many tax rules.

Adjusted Tax Basis

Adjusted tax basis is an asset's original tax basis after additions, deductions, depreciation, and other tax adjustments.

Advance Refunding

Advance refunding refinances outstanding bonds more than 90 days before redemption, usually using escrowed proceeds until call or maturity.

After-Tax Basis

After-tax basis compares income, returns, or costs after accounting for taxes rather than using pretax amounts.

After-Tax Income

Insights into after-tax income, including definitions, calculations, examples, and its significance in financial planning.

After-Tax Return

After-tax return is investment performance after subtracting taxes on income, gains, or distributions.

After-Tax Yield

After-tax yield measures the yield an investor keeps after taxes on interest, dividends, or distributions.

Applicable Federal Rate (AFR)

The Applicable Federal Rate is an IRS-published minimum interest rate used for certain loans, gifts, trusts, and tax calculations.

Arbitrage Bond

An arbitrage bond is a state or local bond whose tax-exempt status is threatened by prohibited investment arbitrage on bond proceeds.

Average Tax Rate

Average tax rate is total tax divided by total income or taxable income, showing the overall tax burden.

Basis & Interest

Tax terms for adjusted basis, imputed interest, AFR rules, taxable interest, and interest-related tax treatment.

Boot

Cash or non-like-kind property received in an exchange that can trigger taxable gain recognition.

Canadian & International Accounts

Retirement terms for RRSPs, RRIFs, LIRAs, LRIFs, RPPs, DPSPs, Life Income Funds, Lifetime ISAs, and pension contribution-rate concepts.

Capital Gain

A capital gain is profit realized when a capital asset is sold or disposed of for more than its tax basis.

Capital Gain Tax

Capital gain tax is the tax applied to realized gains from selling capital assets, often with rate differences by holding period.

Capital Loss

A capital loss occurs when a capital asset is sold or disposed of for less than its adjusted tax basis.

Capital Loss Carryover

A capital loss carryover moves unused capital losses to future tax years when current-year limits prevent full use.

Charitable Donations

Charitable donations refer to contributions given to nonprofit organizations or charities to support their activities.

Consolidated Tax Return

Consolidated Tax Return is a business-tax concept used to evaluate company tax obligations, after-tax cash flow, and financial reporting effects.

Corporate Tax

Corporate Tax is a business-tax concept used to evaluate company tax obligations, after-tax cash flow, and financial reporting effects.

Corporate Tax Rate

Corporate Tax Rate is a business-tax concept used to evaluate company tax obligations, after-tax cash flow, and financial reporting effects.

Credit Reduction

Reduction in an allowable tax credit because of phaseouts, limits, jurisdictional rules, or compliance adjustments.

Current Refunding

Current refunding refinances outstanding bonds when the prior bonds are redeemed immediately or within the current-refunding window.

Debt Discharge

Tax pages covering forgiven debt, canceled balances, and when discharged debt becomes taxable income.

Deductions & Credits

Tax terms for deductions, credits, deductible interest, tax shields, tax benefits, and education or incentive expenses.

Deemed Dividend

A deemed dividend is a distribution treated as a dividend for tax purposes even if it is not labeled that way.

Deferred Tax Liability

A deferred tax liability is a future tax obligation created by temporary differences between accounting and tax treatment.

Dividends-Received Deduction

Dividends-Received Deduction is a business-tax concept used to evaluate company tax obligations, after-tax cash flow, and financial reporting effects.

Earnings and Profits

Earnings and Profits is a business-tax concept used to evaluate company tax obligations, after-tax cash flow, and financial reporting effects.

Education Savings Bond

The education savings bond exclusion may let eligible taxpayers exclude interest on qualified Series EE or I bonds used for higher education expenses.

Educational Expenses

Educational expenses are tuition, fees, books, supplies, or related costs that may affect budgeting, aid, credits, or deductions.

Educational Savings Account (ESA)

An Educational Savings Account (ESA), also known as a Coverdell ESA, is a tax-advantaged investment account designed to encourage saving for future educational expenses.

Effective Tax Rate

Effective tax rate measures the actual share of income paid in tax after deductions, credits, and rate brackets.

FBAR

FBAR is a U.S. reporting requirement for certain foreign financial accounts held by U.S. persons.

Federal Income Tax

Federal income tax is the national tax applied to taxable income after allowed exclusions, deductions, credits, and rate rules.

Foreign Tax Credit

The foreign tax credit can offset domestic tax for qualifying foreign taxes paid on foreign-source income.

Form 1099-B

Form 1099-B, officially titled "Proceeds from Broker and Barter Exchange Transactions," is issued by brokers and barter exchanges to taxpayers.

Form 1099-C

Form 1099-C reports canceled debt that may create taxable income for a borrower unless an exclusion applies.

Future Tax Benefit

Expected tax savings from losses, credits, deductions, timing differences, or other tax attributes.

Generation-Skipping Transfer

A complete guide to understanding Generation-Skipping Transfers, their tax implications, types, and historical context.

Historic Tax Credit (HTC)

The historic tax credit supports qualifying preservation projects by reducing tax liability for eligible rehabilitation expenditures.

Home Mortgage Interest Deduction

The Home Mortgage Interest Deduction allows taxpayers to deduct interest paid on loans secured by their primary or secondary residences from their taxable income.

Imputed Interest

Imputed interest is interest treated as taxable even when a loan charges too little stated interest or none at all.

Income Base & AGI

Tax terms for gross income, AGI, MAGI, taxable income, income tax, taxable years, and taxable events.

Income Tax

Income tax is a tax on taxable earnings, profits, investment income, or business income after applicable adjustments.

Income, Deductions, and Rates

Tax terms for taxable income, AGI, deductions, rates, capital gains, tax-exempt income, mortgage interest, and debt discharge.

Investment Tax Items

Tax terms for dividends, capital gains, investment income, capital losses, wash sales, and tax-loss harvesting.

Investment Interest Expense

Investment interest expense is the interest paid on money borrowed to purchase or carry investment property.

Investment Tax Credit

An investment tax credit reduces tax liability for qualifying capital investments, projects, or assets.

Involuntary Conversion

Condemnation occurs when the government exercises its eminent domain power to take private property for public use.

Like-Kind Exchange

This concept is also commonly labeled 1031 exchange, because it is grounded in Section 1031 of the U.S.

Long-Term Capital Gains

Long-term capital gains refer to the profits made from the sale of an asset held for longer than a year, usually taxed at a lower rate compared to short-term gains.

Loss Carryforward

A loss carryforward applies unused losses to future taxable income or gains when tax rules allow deferral.

Marginal Tax Rate

Marginal tax rate is the rate applied to the next dollar of taxable income or deduction.

Mortgage Interest Deduction

The mortgage interest deduction allows qualifying home mortgage interest to reduce taxable income when deduction rules are met.

Mortgage & Property Tax

Tax terms for mortgage-interest deductions, residence interest, mortgage credit certificates, exchanges, and real-estate tax rules.

Municipal Bond

A municipal bond is debt issued by a state, local government, public authority, or similar issuer to finance public projects or operations.

Municipal Basics

Municipal bond basics covering municipal securities, tax-exempt interest, private-activity bonds, and legal-opinion status.

Municipal and Savings

Municipal, public-purpose, revenue, tax-exempt, savings, and retail government bond terms used in fixed-income analysis.

Net Capital Gain

Net capital gain is the excess of capital gains over capital losses after applying required netting rules.

Net Income Tax

Net Income Tax refers to the total tax payable by an individual or an organization after accounting for all the allowable deductions and exclusions from gross income.

Net Investment Income

Net Investment Income (NII) is the amount by which investment income exceeds investment expenses.

Net of Tax

Net of tax means an amount after subtracting the tax owed or expected on the related income, gain, or transaction.

Non-Qualified Stock Option (NSO)

Non-Qualified Stock Option (NSO) is a business-tax concept used to evaluate company tax obligations, after-tax cash flow, and financial reporting effects.

Non-Taxable Distributions

Non-taxable distributions are payments that are not currently taxed, often because they return basis or qualify for an exclusion.

Ordinary Income

Ordinary income is income taxed at ordinary tax rates rather than preferential capital gain or qualified dividend rates.

Per Diem Rates

Per Diem Rates are pre-established daily allowances provided to employees to cover expenses for lodging, meals, and incidental expenses incurred while on business trips.

Pretax Earnings or Pretax Profit

Pretax Earnings or Pretax Profit is a business-tax concept used to evaluate company tax obligations, after-tax cash flow, and financial reporting effects.

Private Activity Bonds

Private activity bonds are municipal bonds whose proceeds materially benefit private users, making tax qualification and conduit credit analysis central.

Private Foundation

A private foundation is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization typically established by an individual, family, or corporation for philanthropic purposes.

Profit Shifting

Profit Shifting is a business-tax concept used to evaluate company tax obligations, after-tax cash flow, and financial reporting effects.

Profit Split Methods

An analytical approach to allocating profits between parties in a transaction based on their respective contributions, commonly used in licensing agreements and joint ventures.

Qualified Dividend

A type of dividend that meets specific IRS criteria for favorable tax rates.

Qualified Opportunity Zones (QOZ)

Qualified Opportunity Zones (QOZ) allow for tax deferral on capital gains by reinvesting in designated low-income communities to encourage economic development.

Qualified Residence

A qualified residence is a home that meets tax rules for mortgage interest, credits, or related housing benefits.

Qualified Residence Interest

Qualified Residence Interest is the interest paid on a home mortgage that may be deductible as an itemized deduction in U.S.

Rates & Brackets

Tax terms for marginal rates, average rates, effective rates, brackets, tax liability, and total tax burden.

Refunding

Municipal refunding and public finance issuance terms covering current refunding, advance refunding, escrow mechanics, and call timing.

Regulated Futures Contract

U.S. tax and futures-market term for a futures contract marked to market and traded on or subject to a qualified board or exchange.

Retirement

Retirement-finance terms for account wrappers, rollovers, pension design, annuities, public benefits, contribution rules, and retirement income planning.

Rollovers & Withdrawals

Retirement terms for rollovers, transfers, RMDs, Roth conversions, inherited IRAs, withdrawal systems, and IRA strategy comparisons.

Savings Accounts

Tax-advantaged savings accounts, ISA, TFSA, RESP, and similar personal-finance account wrappers.

Section 1244 Stock

Section 1244 of the Internal Revenue Code (IRC) allows investors in small business corporations to receive special tax treatment.

Short Against the Box

Selling short against the box pairs a short sale with an existing long position in the same or substantially similar security.

Simultaneous Exchange

A simultaneous exchange is a property exchange in which relinquished and replacement properties transfer at the same time.

Tax Anticipation Note (TAN)

A Tax Anticipation Note (TAN) is a short-term debt security issued by state or municipal governments to finance their immediate expenditures.

Tax Benefits

Tax benefits are deductions, credits, exclusions, deferrals, or preferential rates that reduce tax cost or improve after-tax returns.

Tax Bracket

A tax bracket is an income range taxed at a specified marginal rate within a progressive tax system.

Deferral & Accounts

Tax terms for tax deferral, tax-deferred accounts, tax-advantaged treatment, growth deferral, and tax efficiency.

Tax Efficiency

The structuring of financial activities to minimize tax liabilities through legal means, optimizing tax burden across income, investments, and corporate activities.

Tax Liability

Tax liability is the amount of tax legally owed for a period after applying income, deductions, credits, and payments.

Tax Loss Carryback or Carryover

Tax Loss Carryback or Carryover allows taxpayers to use losses from one year to reduce tax liability in another year, maximizing tax efficiency.

Tax Rate

A tax rate is the percentage applied to a tax base, such as income, gains, property value, or sales.

Tax Selling

Tax selling is the sale of securities to realize losses or manage taxable gains near a reporting period.

Tax Shield

A tax shield is the tax savings created when deductible expenses reduce taxable income.

Tax Straddle

A former tax deferral tactic used by investors to postpone tax liabilities by creating artificial losses in the current year and realizing gains in the subsequent year.

Tax-Advantaged

Tax-advantaged treatment uses deductions, deferrals, exemptions, or credits to improve after-tax investment or savings outcomes.

Tax-Deductible

Tax-deductible expenses reduce taxable income when they meet the rules for the relevant taxpayer, activity, and jurisdiction.

Tax-Deductible Interest

Tax-deductible interest is interest expense that can reduce taxable income, often subject to purpose, limit, and documentation rules.

Tax-Deferred

Tax-deferred treatment delays taxation until a later event, often allowing investment earnings to compound before withdrawal.

Tax-Deferred Account

A tax-deferred account postpones tax on contributions, earnings, or gains until distributions or another taxable event.

Tax-Deferred Exchange

A tax-deferred exchange postpones recognition of gain when qualifying property is exchanged under applicable rules.

Tax-Deferred Growth

Tax-Deferred Growth is a financial concept where the earnings on certain investments are not subject to taxation until the investor withdraws the funds.

Tax-Equivalent Yield

Tax-equivalent yield (TEY) is the pretax yield a taxable bond would need to offer in order to match the after-tax attractiveness of a tax-exempt bond.

Tax-Exempt

Tax-exempt status means income, interest, property, or an entity is excluded from specified tax obligations.

Tax-Exempt Bond

A tax-exempt bond pays interest that may be excluded from regular federal income tax, making after-tax yield central to analysis.

Tax-Exempt Income

Tax-exempt income is income excluded from specified taxes, often affecting after-tax yield and reporting.

Tax-Exempt Interest

Tax-exempt interest is interest income excluded from specified income taxes, commonly associated with municipal bonds.

Tax-Exempt Investment

A tax-exempt investment produces income or gains that are excluded from specified taxes under applicable rules.

Tax-Exempt Security

A tax-exempt security is a bond or financial instrument whose interest is excluded from specified taxes.

Tax-Exempt Yield

Tax-exempt yield is the stated yield on income that is exempt from one or more taxes.

After-Tax Yields

Tax terms for taxable accounts, tax-exempt interest, tax-exempt securities, taxable yields, and after-tax yield comparisons.

Tax-Free Reorganization

Tax-Free Reorganization is a business-tax concept used to evaluate company tax obligations, after-tax cash flow, and financial reporting effects.

Tax-Loss Harvesting

Tax-loss harvesting realizes investment losses to offset capital gains or limited ordinary income under applicable tax rules.

Taxable Account

A taxable account is an investment or financial account whose income, gains, and transactions may be currently taxable.

Taxable Event

A taxable event is a transaction or occurrence that triggers tax reporting, recognition of income, or tax liability.

Taxable Income

Taxable income is the portion of income remaining after permitted exclusions, adjustments, deductions, and exemptions.

Taxable Interest

Taxable interest is interest income that must be included in taxable income unless a specific exemption applies.

Taxable Year

A taxable year is the annual accounting period used to measure income, deductions, credits, and tax liability.

Taxable Yield

Taxable yield is the yield on income subject to tax, used when comparing taxable and tax-exempt investments.

Transfer of Wealth

Movement of assets or value between people or entities, often relevant to gift, estate, or transfer tax analysis.

Treasury Decision

A Treasury Decision (T.D.) is an official regulation or ruling issued by the U.S.

Wash-Sale Rule

Rule that can disallow an investment loss when substantially identical securities are repurchased too soon.

Withholding Tax

Withholding Tax is a business-tax concept used to evaluate company tax obligations, after-tax cash flow, and financial reporting effects.

Revised on Sunday, June 21, 2026