1% Rule in Real Estate
1% Rule in Real Estate is a real-estate investment trust concept used to evaluate property income, distributions, and public market exposure.
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1% Rule in Real Estate is a real-estate investment trust concept used to evaluate property income, distributions, and public market exposure.
125% Loan is a mortgage underwriting concept used to evaluate borrower risk, approval standards, and loan eligibility.
A 15-year mortgage repays principal faster with higher payments, while a 30-year mortgage lowers required payments but usually increases lifetime interest.
A 2-1 buydown uses prefunded money to reduce the borrower's payment by two rate-equivalent points in year one and one point in year two.
28/36 Rule is a mortgage qualification measure used to assess borrower income, debt capacity, and affordability.
A 3-2-1 buydown uses prefunded money to reduce the borrower's payment by three, two, and one rate-equivalent points during the first three years.
A 5/1 ARM has a fixed interest rate for five years and can reset once each year afterward under its index, margin, and caps.
A 5/6 ARM has a fixed interest rate for five years and can reset every six months afterward under its index, margin, and caps.
80-10-10 Mortgage is a mortgage underwriting concept used to evaluate borrower risk, approval standards, and loan eligibility.
The U.S. ability-to-repay rule requires a reasonable, good-faith determination that a consumer can repay a covered mortgage according to its terms.
Real estate absorption rate measures how quickly available properties sell or newly completed units are first rented or sold within a defined market and period.
An acceleration clause can make an entire loan balance due after a specified trigger. Learn how acceleration differs from default, cure, and foreclosure.
An adjustable-rate mortgage has an interest rate that can reset using a stated index, margin, adjustment schedule, caps, and floor.
Adjusted funds from operations is a nonstandard REIT measure that modifies FFO for recurring capital needs, rent adjustments, and issuer-defined items.
Affordable Housing Loan aims to make housing accessible to low- and moderate-income families, providing financial assistance and favorable terms to facilitate home ownership.
A provision in a mortgage agreement stating that any property acquired by the borrower after the signing of the mortgage will serve as additional security for the obligation.
After-tax cash flow measures property cash after debt service, capital items, and investor-specific taxes under a stated timing convention.
After-tax equity yield is the annualized return implied by an investor's equity contributions and after-tax property cash receipts over a holding period.
After-tax resale proceeds estimate the cash an owner retains after selling costs, debt payoff, and transaction-related taxes are modeled separately.
An agency MBS carries a Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, or Ginnie Mae payment guarantee while retaining prepayment, extension, rate, and market risk.
An All-Inclusive Trust Deed (AITD) is a financial arrangement where an existing mortgage is wrapped within a new, larger loan.
ALT-A Mortgages is a mortgage underwriting concept used to evaluate borrower risk, approval standards, and loan eligibility.
An Alternative Mortgage Instrument (AMI) is any mortgage that does not follow the traditional fixed-interest-rate, level-payment amortizing loan structure.
An amortization schedule shows each loan payment's principal, interest, and remaining balance over the repayment term.
Annual mortgage insurance premium is a recurring insurance charge on certain loans, often added to monthly mortgage payments.
Appreciated property refers to assets that have experienced an increase in value over time.
An ARM index is the market benchmark used with a contractual margin to calculate an adjustable mortgage's fully indexed interest rate.
An ARM margin is the fixed percentage-point amount generally added to a market index when calculating an adjustable mortgage's interest rate.
An assumable loan is a type of mortgage loan that allows a new home purchaser to take over the existing loan of the seller without altering the terms of the loan.
The concept of loan assumability in real estate transactions refers to whether the obligations associated with a loan can be transferred to a new borrower.
Mortgage whose existing loan terms can be transferred to a qualified buyer instead of forcing the buyer to originate a new mortgage.
Assumption Fee: A charge levied by a lender to a buyer who assumes the existing loan on the subject property.
Formal transfer of an existing mortgage to a buyer who takes over the debt obligation under the lender's approval process.
Back-End Ratio is a mortgage qualification measure used to assess borrower income, debt capacity, and affordability.
Mortgage that does not fully amortize over its legal term and therefore leaves a large remaining balance due at maturity.
A biweekly loan payment plan collects payments every two weeks, potentially accelerating principal repayment over a year.
A blanket mortgage is a single mortgage that encompasses more than one parcel of real estate.
Boot is money, nonqualifying property, or certain net liability relief received in a nonrecognition transaction and can cause current gain recognition.
A bridging loan is a short-term loan used to bridge the gap between the purchase of one asset and the sale of another, commonly used in the property and housing market.
Budget Mortgage is a mortgage underwriting concept used to evaluate borrower risk, approval standards, and loan eligibility.
Building Society is a mortgage-market participant involved in loan origination, funding, servicing, or borrower access.
Capitalization rate compares an income property's stabilized net operating income with its price or value and supports direct-capitalization valuation.
The Case-Shiller Index measures changes in U.S. existing single-family home prices using matched repeat sales and value-weighted market indexes.
A cash buyer is a customer who completes a purchase by directly providing funds at the time of order, either in the form of physical cash, a check, or a money order.
Cash equivalence adjusts real-estate transaction terms to a cash basis. Learn financing and concession adjustments, present-value methods, and examples.
Cash-on-cash return compares annual pre-tax cash flow after debt service with the cash equity invested in a property.
Cash-out refinancing is a mortgage refinancing strategy that allows homeowners to replace their existing mortgage with a new one, typically for a larger amount.
A VA Certificate of Eligibility confirms basic eligibility for a VA home-loan benefit but does not approve the borrower or property for financing.
Certificate of Reasonable Value is legacy VA valuation terminology; current VA purchase guidance generally communicates reasonable value and conditions through a Notice of Value.
Chattel Mortgage is a mortgage or real estate finance term used in property financing, underwriting, securitization, valuation, or ownership analysis.
A closed-end mortgage is a type of mortgage-bond issue that comes with specific collateral and operational restrictions.
Closing costs are fees and charges paid at settlement, including lender, title, recording, escrow, and prepaid cost items.
A closing disclosure itemizes final mortgage terms, projected payments, closing costs, cash to close, and settlement details.
A Co-Mortgagor is an individual who signs a mortgage contract along with one or more parties.
A co-signer is an individual who agrees to take responsibility for repaying a loan if the original borrower defaults on payments.
A collateralized mortgage obligation is a multi-class mortgage security that reallocates principal and interest among tranches with different cash-flow timing.
The combined loan-to-value (CLTV) ratio measures total borrowing secured by a property relative to the property's value.
A CMBS is supported by commercial mortgages and analyzed through property cash flow, leverage, balloon maturity, servicing, and tranche risk.
Computerized Loan Origination (CLO) is a mortgage or real estate finance term used in property financing, underwriting, securitization, valuation, or ownership analysis.
Conforming Loan is a mortgage or real estate finance term used in property financing, underwriting, securitization, valuation, or ownership analysis.
Construction Loan is a construction-finance concept used to fund development costs, draws, inspections, and project risk.
A conventional loan is a U.S. mortgage without federal insurance or a federal guaranty. Learn how it differs from conforming, FHA, VA, and jumbo loans.
Corporate Real Estate (CRE) refers to the real property held or used by a business enterprise or organization for its own operational purposes.
The cost approach values real estate from land value plus current improvement cost less physical, functional, and external depreciation.
Cost-burdened households spend more than a defined share of income on housing; HUD commonly uses above 30% for cost burden and above 50% for severe burden.
Creative financing refers to various non-traditional methods of financing property purchases other than obtaining a standard mortgage from third-party lending institutions.
A credit bid lets an eligible secured creditor offset an allowed claim against an auction price. Learn how it differs from cash bidding and why recovery can differ from the bid.
Debt-service coverage ratio compares defined cash flow with required principal and interest, helping lenders test repayment capacity and loan resilience.
Debt-to-income ratio compares recurring monthly debt payments with gross monthly income; learn front-end and back-end DTI, calculations, documentation, and limits.
Learn how a deed of trust secures a real-estate loan, how it differs from a note and property deed, and what borrowers and analysts should verify.
A deed in lieu transfers property voluntarily to a mortgage creditor instead of completing foreclosure. Learn the process, debt-release terms, recovery example, and risks.
A deficiency judgment is a court judgment for an eligible unpaid balance after collateral credit. Learn the calculation, fair-value limits, waivers, tax issues, and risks.
A mortgage discharge is the document and recording process used to show that a mortgage lien no longer secures an outstanding obligation.
A distressed sale occurs under financial, legal, or time pressure. Learn how it differs from short sales and foreclosure, how to compare net proceeds, and what risks matter.
A down payment is the borrower's upfront equity contribution toward a purchase price, reducing the loan amount needed.
Draw Schedule is a construction-finance concept used to fund development costs, draws, inspections, and project risk.
Dry Loan is a mortgage servicing concept used to manage payments, escrow accounts, borrower communication, or loan administration.
Mortgage contract provision that lets the lender demand payoff when ownership changes without approved loan transfer.
Effective gross income estimates property revenue after vacancy, concessions, and collection loss; learn the formula, rent-roll inputs, and underwriting uses.
Interest-only mortgage paired with an endowment policy intended to accumulate enough value to repay principal at the end of the term.
An equitable interest is a property right recognized apart from formal legal title, often under a trust, land contract, or other enforceable arrangement.
Equity build-up refers to the increase in the homeowner's ownership stake in a property, primarily achieved through mortgage payments and property value appreciation.
Equity Contribution refers to the amount of capital that a borrower personally invests into an asset, encompassing various forms and implications in financial arrangements.
An Equity Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) is a type of REIT that holds ownership in real estate properties, generating income from rents and capital appreciation.
Equity Withdrawal refers to the process of raising a new or increased mortgage on a property for purposes other than purchasing or improving the mortgaged property.
Equity yield rate is the required or modeled compound return on real estate cash flows attributable to equity, including the net equity reversion.
Escrow is a mortgage servicing concept used to manage payments, escrow accounts, borrower communication, or loan administration.
A mortgage escrow account holds money for property taxes, insurance, and related charges. Learn how payments, analyses, shortages, and surpluses work.
Escrow Cushion is a mortgage servicing concept used to manage payments, escrow accounts, borrower communication, or loan administration.
An event of default is a contract-defined trigger that can activate lender remedies. Learn common triggers, cure periods, waivers, acceleration, and review risks.
Existing home sales measure completed U.S. transactions for previously owned homes; analysts compare sales pace, inventory, prices, regions, and months' supply.
Fannie Mae is a mortgage agency concept tied to secondary-market standards, guarantees, or housing finance liquidity.
Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac is a mortgage or real estate finance term used in property financing, underwriting, securitization, valuation, or ownership analysis.
Farmer Mac is a mortgage agency concept tied to secondary-market standards, guarantees, or housing finance liquidity.
Federal Housing Administration (FHA) is a mortgage-market participant involved in loan origination, funding, servicing, or borrower access.
Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) is a mortgage or real estate finance term used in property financing, underwriting, securitization, valuation, or ownership analysis.
Federal Land Banks were Farm Credit System institutions created to provide long-term mortgage credit to farmers and rural borrowers.
FHA 203(k) Loan is a mortgage agency concept tied to secondary-market standards, guarantees, or housing finance liquidity.
Government-insured mortgage designed for owner-occupied homebuyers who need lower down payments and more flexible credit standards than many conventional loans.
FHA Mortgage Loan is a mortgage agency concept tied to secondary-market standards, guarantees, or housing finance liquidity.
The FHFA House Price Index tracks changes in U.S. single-family home values using repeat transactions, with several datasets for different analytical needs.
A fifteen-year mortgage is a fixed-rate, level-payment mortgage loan that has a term of fifteen years.
Financial feasibility tests whether expected property income or sale proceeds support development costs, timing, financing, risk, and required returns.
Financial management rate of return is a property return measure that applies explicit safe-rate, reinvestment, and future-funding assumptions.
A first lien refers to a legal claim or hold on property, giving the holder the right to seize or use assets in case of non-payment, and it has priority over all other claims.
First Lien Debt is the debt that is secured by a property and recorded first in the public records, giving it priority over all other debts in the event of default.
Mortgage with first-priority claim on a property, typically the senior lien that gets paid before junior mortgages after foreclosure.
First Mortgage Debenture is a mortgage or real estate finance concept used in property financing, underwriting, valuation, or ownership analysis.
An individual who has not owned a home in the previous three years, frequently eligible for certain incentives or special loan programs.
A fixed-rate mortgage keeps the same note interest rate for its contractual term, making scheduled principal-and-interest payments predictable.
Flipping refers to the practice of buying real estate, securities, or IPOs with the intent of reselling them quickly to profit from market fluctuations.
Foreclosure enforces a mortgage against its collateral after default. Learn the stages, judicial and non-judicial paths, recovery calculation, alternatives, and risks.
Form 1098 is an information statement reporting mortgage interest and specified loan data; it supports but does not determine a borrower's deduction.
Fractional Ownership is a real-estate investment trust concept used to evaluate property income, distributions, and public market exposure.
Fraud and flipping refer to the illegal practice in the real estate industry where properties are purchased and swiftly resold at artificially inflated prices.
Freddie Mac is a government-sponsored enterprise that buys mortgages, supports securitization, and provides liquidity to the U.S. housing finance system.
Front Money is a construction-finance concept used to fund development costs, draws, inspections, and project risk.
Front-End Debt-to-Income (DTI) Ratio is a mortgage qualification measure used to assess borrower income, debt capacity, and affordability.
A fully amortizing payment pays enough principal and interest to retire the loan by the end of its term.
The fully indexed rate is an adjustable-rate mortgage's index value plus contractual margin before applicable caps, floors, and rounding determine the applied rate.
Government-backed mortgage charge, most commonly tied to VA and USDA programs, that helps support the economics of the loan guaranty or insurance structure.
Funds from operations is a supplemental REIT performance measure that adjusts GAAP net income for specified real-estate depreciation, sale, impairment, and ownership items.
A gap loan is short-term financing used to cover a temporary funding shortfall before permanent or expected financing is available.
Gift Letter is a mortgage underwriting concept used to evaluate borrower risk, approval standards, and loan eligibility.
Gift of Equity is a mortgage underwriting concept used to evaluate borrower risk, approval standards, and loan eligibility.
Ginnie Mae is a mortgage agency concept tied to secondary-market standards, guarantees, or housing finance liquidity.
Ginnie Mae Pass-Through Securities are a type of mortgage-backed security (MBS) that are guaranteed by the Government National Mortgage Association (GNMA or Ginnie Mae).
Going-in cap rate compares acquisition-year net operating income with property purchase price to show the unlevered income yield underwritten at entry.
A good faith estimate was a mortgage cost disclosure showing estimated loan terms and settlement charges before closing.
Good faith money is an upfront deposit showing buyer commitment, often credited at closing or governed by contract contingencies.
Government-Sponsored Enterprise (GSE) is a mortgage agency concept tied to secondary-market standards, guarantees, or housing finance liquidity.
A borrower grace period allows payment shortly after the due date before a late fee or default consequence applies.
Mortgage with scheduled payment increases over time, often used when the borrower expects rising income but accepts higher later payment risk.
Gross debt service ratio is a Canadian mortgage qualification measure comparing specified monthly housing costs with gross household income.
Gross income multiplier compares property value with annual gross income. Learn GIM and EGIM formulas, appraisal examples, uses, and limitations.
Gross rent multiplier compares a property's price with gross rent. Learn the monthly and annual formulas, valuation use, examples, and limitations.
Gross rental yield compares annual gross property rent with purchase price or current value before vacancy, operating expenses, and financing.
Mortgage with scheduled payment increases that push more cash toward principal over time and shorten the effective payoff path.
GSE Government-Sponsored Enterprise is a mortgage agency concept tied to secondary-market standards, guarantees, or housing finance liquidity.
Guarantee Fees is a mortgage-market participant involved in loan origination, funding, servicing, or borrower access.
Guaranteed Mortgage is a mortgage-market participant involved in loan origination, funding, servicing, or borrower access.
A hard money loan is short-term, asset-focused private credit commonly secured by real estate and priced for execution and collateral risk.
A high-ratio mortgage is a Canadian mortgage with a high loan-to-value ratio, commonly created by a down payment below 20% and generally requiring mortgage default insurance.
A higher-priced mortgage loan is a U.S. principal-dwelling mortgage whose APR exceeds the average prime offer rate by a threshold defined in Regulation Z.
Holdback is a construction-finance concept used to fund development costs, draws, inspections, and project risk.
Home Affordable Modification Program is a real-estate investment trust concept used to evaluate property income, distributions, and public market exposure.
Former U.S. refinance program that let many underwater borrowers replace existing mortgages even when home values had fallen below loan balances.
Home equity is the portion of your property's value that you truly own.
Home Equity Conversion is the process of liquidating all or a portion of the equity in one's home.
FHA-insured U.S. reverse mortgage program that lets eligible older homeowners draw on home equity under program-specific limits and protections.
A Home Equity Line of Credit (HELOC) is a revolving credit loan secured by the homeowner's equity.
A home equity loan provides a lump sum secured by home equity, usually with scheduled payments and a lien that puts the property at risk after default.
Interest on a home-equity loan or HELOC may qualify when proceeds buy, build, or substantially improve the same qualified home securing the debt.
The Home Mortgage Disclosure Act requires covered institutions to collect, report, and disclose specified mortgage application and loan data.
Home mortgage interest is the interest charged on a loan secured by a residence, often relevant to payment and tax analysis.
U.S. tax concepts for qualified homes, mortgage interest, home-equity borrowing, Form 1098, debt limits, and proceeds tracing.
The homeownership rate is the share of occupied housing units that are owner-occupied; interpretation requires the correct denominator, survey, and margin of error.
House Poor is a mortgage qualification measure used to assess borrower income, debt capacity, and affordability.
A house price index measures residential property-price change over time; its meaning depends on the sample, method, geography, and adjustment basis.
House rich, cash poor describes owning substantial home equity while lacking liquid cash for expenses, debt service, or investment needs.
Housing Authority Bonds Explanation is a mortgage agency concept tied to secondary-market standards, guarantees, or housing finance liquidity.
A housing bubble is a price boom increasingly difficult to justify with rents, income, rates, supply, and credit fundamentals, often reinforced by expectations and leverage.
Housing Cost Burden is the percentage of a household's income that is allocated to housing expenses.
Housing Expense Ratio is a mortgage qualification measure used to assess borrower income, debt capacity, and affordability.
Housing Finance Agency is a mortgage agency concept tied to secondary-market standards, guarantees, or housing finance liquidity.
The NAHB/Wells Fargo Housing Market Index measures U.S. single-family builder sentiment using weighted current-sales, expected-sales, and buyer-traffic components.
Housing starts estimate new privately owned residential units beginning construction; analysts compare permits, completions, revisions, and sampling error.
HUD is a mortgage or real estate finance term used in property financing, underwriting, securitization, valuation, or ownership analysis.
HUD-1 Form Uses and Breakdown is a mortgage-market participant involved in loan origination, funding, servicing, or borrower access.
A hybrid ARM combines an initial fixed-rate period with later rate adjustments based on a stated index, margin, schedule, and caps.
Hybrid REITs combine the investment strategies of both equity REITs and mortgage REITs, offering diversified real estate investment opportunities.
In-House Financing is a construction-finance concept used to fund development costs, draws, inspections, and project risk.
The income approach values income-producing real estate through direct capitalization or discounted cash flow using supported income and market rates.
Income Property is a real-estate investment trust concept used to evaluate property income, distributions, and public market exposure.
Initial yield compares a property's income at acquisition or valuation with its price or capital value, subject to a clearly stated gross or net convention.
An installment sale is a transaction in which the buyer pays the purchase price over time in periodic installments, rather than paying the entire amount up front.
An instalment sale is a financing arrangement where the buyer makes a series of scheduled payments to the seller over time to purchase an asset.
Mortgage structure with an initial period of interest-only payments before principal amortization begins or a later balance must be refinanced.
Interim Financing is a construction-finance concept used to fund development costs, draws, inspections, and project risk.
Investment Property is a real-estate investment trust concept used to evaluate property income, distributions, and public market exposure.
Investment Real Estate focuses on properties acquired primarily for the purpose of generating investment returns, as opposed to operational use.
An involuntary conversion occurs when property is destroyed, stolen, seized, requisitioned, or condemned and may qualify for gain deferral under Section 1033.
IRS Form 8396 calculates the current mortgage interest credit from a qualified MCC and tracks any eligible credit carryforward.
UK-style interest-only mortgage paired with ISA contributions that are intended to build enough value to repay principal at maturity.
A Judgment Lien is a legal tool that creditors use to secure their interest in a debtor's property when the debtor fails to meet their payment obligations.
Judicial foreclosure uses a court action to enforce a mortgage. Learn the general stages, comparison with non-judicial sale, recovery example, and risks.
Jumbo Loan is a mortgage underwriting concept used to evaluate borrower risk, approval standards, and loan eligibility.
Junior debt, also known as subordinated debt, refers to a class of debt that sits lower in the repayment hierarchy compared to other debt claims.
A junior lien is a type of lien that holds a subordinate position in the payment hierarchy relative to other liens.
Mortgage that ranks below a senior mortgage in the repayment stack, including second mortgages and other subordinate property loans.
A junk fee is a questioned or excessive charge in a mortgage, closing, banking, or service transaction.
Kicker in Finance and Real Estate is a mortgage or real estate finance concept used in property financing, underwriting, valuation, or ownership analysis.
A level-payment mortgage is a type of mortgage that requires the borrower to make identical payments at regular intervals (typically monthly) throughout the life of the loan.
A lien is the legal right or interest that a creditor has in the debtor's property, granted for the purpose of securing the payment of a debt.
Lien priority ranks enforceable claims against specified collateral and affects which creditors receive sale or foreclosure proceeds first.
U.S. tax concepts for like-kind real-property exchanges, boot, involuntary conversions, gain recognition, and replacement basis.
A like-kind exchange can defer U.S. federal gain on qualifying business or investment real property when Section 1031 requirements are met.
A Loan Estimate is a three-page form that provides early disclosure of the loan terms and estimated costs associated with a mortgage.
A mortgage loan modification changes an existing loan's terms. Learn the payment mechanics, trial and permanent status, example, review checklist, and risks.
Loan Originator is a mortgage-market participant involved in loan origination, funding, servicing, or borrower access.
A loan-level price adjustment changes agency mortgage acquisition pricing based on specified loan, borrower, property, or transaction characteristics.
Loan-to-cost ratio compares project debt with eligible development cost, helping lenders evaluate sponsor equity, construction funding, and overrun risk.
Learn how lenders calculate loan-to-value ratio, what changes the result, and how LTV differs from CLTV, HCLTV, LTC, DTI, and DSCR.
A low-documentation loan uses reduced or alternative income, employment, or asset verification compared with standard underwriting.
MBS vintage groups mortgage collateral or securities by origination or issuance period to compare underwriting, seasoning, rates, and performance.
Mortgage is a mortgage or real estate finance concept used in property financing, underwriting, valuation, or ownership analysis.
Mortgage approval is a lender's credit decision that a borrower, loan structure, and property meet stated underwriting requirements, subject to any remaining conditions.
A mortgage assignment transfers specified creditor rights in a mortgage loan from an assignor to an assignee without transferring the borrower's property ownership.
Mortgage Banker is a mortgage-market participant involved in loan origination, funding, servicing, or borrower access.
Mortgage Broker is a mortgage-market participant involved in loan origination, funding, servicing, or borrower access.
A mortgage buydown uses upfront funds either to purchase a lower note rate or to subsidize scheduled payments for a limited opening period.
Mortgage Commitment is a mortgage or real estate finance concept used in property financing, underwriting, valuation, or ownership analysis.
Mortgage constant expresses annual debt service as a percentage of the original loan amount for a fixed-rate amortizing loan.
Mortgage Correspondent is a mortgage-market participant involved in loan origination, funding, servicing, or borrower access.
A mortgage credit certificate can let an eligible homebuyer claim a federal credit for part of qualifying mortgage interest, subject to certificate and tax limits.
U.S. mortgage credit certificate concepts covering eligibility, certified indebtedness, Form 8396, credit limits, and deduction coordination.
Mortgage debt is an obligation secured by real property, measured either as a borrower's outstanding balance or as aggregate property-backed debt.
Mortgage forbearance temporarily pauses or reduces payments without erasing them. Learn how the payment gap works, compare exit options, and review key risks.
Learn what mortgage fraud means, how schemes affect a loan file, which red flags require investigation, and where borrowers can find official help.
Lender-protective insurance structure used in mortgage lending, including private mortgage insurance on conventional loans and government-backed FHA insurance charges.
FHA mortgage-insurance cost structure that can include both an upfront charge and a recurring annual charge collected over time.
Mortgage interest is the borrowing cost paid to a lender on a mortgage loan balance.
The U.S. mortgage interest deduction can reduce taxable income for qualifying interest on secured debt used to buy, build, or improve a main or second home.
Mortgage Lender is a mortgage-market participant involved in loan origination, funding, servicing, or borrower access.
A Mortgage Lien is a legal claim or encumbrance on a property that is used to secure a loan or mortgage.
Learn what a mortgage note records, how it differs from a mortgage or deed of trust, and which loan terms borrowers and analysts should verify.
Mortgage Originator is a mortgage-market participant involved in loan origination, funding, servicing, or borrower access.
Mortgage Out is a financing strategy employed by real estate developers to secure funding that exceeds the actual cost of constructing a project.
A mortgage pass-through security gives investors pro rata shares of pool principal and interest after servicing, guarantee, and other stated fees.
Mortgage points are upfront charges expressed as a percentage of the loan amount; discount points specifically purchase a lower offered interest rate.
A mortgage pool is a defined collection of mortgage loans assembled for securitization, guarantee, servicing, or investor cash-flow analysis.
Mortgage pooling is the process of selecting and combining eligible mortgage loans for securitization, guarantee, servicing, or structured funding.
Mortgage pre-approval is a lender's preliminary, conditional assessment of how much it may be willing to lend before a specific home loan is fully approved.
Mortgage pre-qualification is an early estimate of potential borrowing capacity based on limited or partly unverified financial information.
Mortgage principal is the unpaid loan amount on which interest accrues and repayments reduce the balance.
A mortgage rate is the percentage used to calculate interest on a home loan, affecting principal-and-interest payments and borrowing cost.
A mortgage rate float-down is a conditional right to improve locked pricing if market rates fall before closing.
A mortgage rate lock is a conditional lender commitment to hold stated interest-rate pricing for a defined period before closing.
A mortgage rate sheet is a lender pricing schedule that maps loan scenarios to interest rates, points, credits, and pricing adjustments.
Mortgage Recast is a mortgage or real estate finance concept used in property financing, underwriting, valuation, or ownership analysis.
Mortgage REIT is a mortgage or real estate finance term used in property financing, underwriting, securitization, valuation, or ownership analysis.
Mortgage relief is an umbrella term for assistance when payments become difficult. Compare forbearance, repayment, modification, short sale, deed in lieu, and scam risks.
A mortgage servicer collects payments and administers a home loan, often for another owner. Understand servicing transfers, escrow, errors, and limits.
Mortgage Servicing is a mortgage servicing concept used to manage payments, escrow accounts, borrower communication, or loan administration.
Asset representing the contractual right to service mortgage loans and receive servicing income tied to those loans.
Mortgage stress occurs when housing debt strains household cash flow. Learn housing-cost, DTI, residual-income, and liquidity tests without relying on one cutoff.
A mortgage transfer involves transferring an existing mortgage from the seller of a property to the buyer.
A mortgage-backed security represents a claim on cash flows from mortgage loans, with risk shaped by the collateral, guarantee, payment structure, and price.
U.S. tax concepts for qualified-home mortgage interest, Form 1098, home-equity proceeds, mortgage credit certificates, and Form 8396.
A mortgagee receives a mortgage interest in property. Learn how the role differs from lender, loan owner, note holder, servicer, trustee, and investor.
A mortgagee clause protects a named lender's interest in insured property. Learn standard versus loss-payable clauses, claim checks, proceeds, and risks.
Mortgage and property-finance terms for underwriting, collateral, leverage, servicing, securitization, valuation, and real-estate investment.
A mortgagor grants a mortgage interest in property, usually to secure a loan. Learn how the role differs from borrower, owner, mortgagee, and servicer.
A multiple-issuer mortgage pool combines loan packages from more than one issuer into one mortgage-backed security collateral pool.
Nareit is a real-estate investment trust concept used to evaluate property income, distributions, and public market exposure.
Negative leverage, also known as reverse leverage, occurs when the cost of borrowing funds exceeds the return on investment derived from those funds.
Net operating income measures a property's income after operating expenses but before financing and income taxes; learn the formula, expense rules, and valuation uses.
Net Profit Interest is a mortgage or real estate finance term used in property financing, underwriting, securitization, valuation, or ownership analysis.
New home sales estimate contracts and deposits for new single-family houses; the report also covers inventory, construction stage, prices, and months' supply.
No Documentation (No Doc) Mortgages is a mortgage underwriting concept used to evaluate borrower risk, approval standards, and loan eligibility.
Non-conforming Mortgage is a mortgage underwriting concept used to evaluate borrower risk, approval standards, and loan eligibility.
Non-judicial foreclosure enforces a qualifying power of sale without a full foreclosure lawsuit. Learn the stages, notices, comparison, and risks.
Non-owner occupied refers to real estate that the owner does not occupy as a personal residence.
A Non-Primary Residence refers to any property that does not serve as the principal dwelling for an individual.
Non-Traded REIT is a real-estate investment trust concept used to evaluate property income, distributions, and public market exposure.
A notice of default identifies an alleged mortgage breach and possible remedies. Learn how it differs from delinquency, acceleration, and a foreclosure-sale notice.
An obligation bond is a specialized type of mortgage bond where the face value of the bond is higher than the value of the underlying property.
An offset mortgage links eligible savings to a mortgage so interest is calculated on a lower net balance while the savings remain in a separate account.
Mortgage that can usually be prepaid, refinanced, or discharged early without the same prepayment penalties found in closed mortgage structures.
Open-End Mortgage is a mortgage underwriting concept used to evaluate borrower risk, approval standards, and loan eligibility.
Operating Company/Property Company Deal (Opco/Propco) is a mortgage or real estate finance concept used in property financing, underwriting, valuation, or ownership analysis.
A real estate operating expense is a recurring cost of running and maintaining income property; learn what counts, what is excluded, and how lenders normalize it.
The real estate operating expense ratio compares property operating expenses with effective gross income; learn the formula, conventions, and warning signs.
An option ARM offers several monthly payment choices, but a minimum payment may add unpaid interest to the balance and cause payment shock later.
Original face is an MBS security's principal amount at issuance and the fixed reference amount used with pool factor to calculate current face.
Origination in finance covers the process of creating, underwriting, approving, and documenting a new loan or financial product.
Package Mortgage is a mortgage or real estate finance concept used in property financing, underwriting, valuation, or ownership analysis.
PAPER credit, in financial and banking contexts, refers to a debt that is evidenced by a written obligation, often backed by property.
The act of releasing part of the property from the mortgage lien under agreed conditions.
Partial Release Provision is a mortgage or real estate finance concept used in property financing, underwriting, valuation, or ownership analysis.
An ARM payment adjustment date is when a recalculated mortgage payment becomes due after a contractual rate change or other scheduled payment event.
Permanent Financing is a construction-finance concept used to fund development costs, draws, inspections, and project risk.
Permanent Loan is a construction-finance concept used to fund development costs, draws, inspections, and project risk.
A permanent mortgage buydown uses upfront discount points to obtain a lower note rate for the loan term, subject to the lender's pricing and loan terms.
Piggyback Loan is a mortgage underwriting concept used to evaluate borrower risk, approval standards, and loan eligibility.
PITI combines principal, interest, taxes, and insurance into a core monthly housing-payment measure.
An MBS pool factor is current principal divided by original principal and is used to convert original face into remaining current face.
A power of sale authorizes qualifying non-judicial foreclosure under a mortgage or deed of trust. Learn how it differs from a court judgment and what evidence matters.
Pre-foreclosure is the period after serious mortgage default but before foreclosure is completed. Learn the timeline, workout and sale options, equity math, and risks.
Prepaid interest refers to interest paid in advance of the time it is earned, with specific considerations regarding its tax-deductibility.
Price-to-rent ratio compares home prices with rents. Learn property and market-index formulas, examples, interpretation, and why fixed thresholds mislead.
The primary mortgage market is where borrowers obtain newly originated mortgage loans from lenders, brokers, banks, and other approved originators.
A Primary Residence or Principal Residence is the main dwelling where an individual lives for the majority of the year.
A prime mortgage is a type of home loan that is offered to borrowers who possess sound credit histories and lower risk profiles.
A principal and interest payment covers scheduled loan balance reduction plus interest due for the period.
Private Equity Real Estate is a real-estate investment trust concept used to evaluate property income, distributions, and public market exposure.
Private Money Loan is a construction-finance concept used to fund development costs, draws, inspections, and project risk.
Lender-protective insurance used on many conventional low-down-payment mortgages, usually until borrower equity reduces the lender's loss risk.
Progress Payment is a construction-finance concept used to fund development costs, draws, inspections, and project risk.
Projection period is the explicit span modeled cash flow by cash flow before a terminal value is added in real estate DCF analysis.
Property Investment Certificates (PINC) provide a means for individuals to own a share in property value and income.
Property Lending is a mortgage or real estate finance concept used in property financing, underwriting, valuation, or ownership analysis.
Seller-financed mortgage created as part of a property sale, often used when the seller funds some or all of the purchase price directly.
A Qualified Mortgage meets a defined U.S. Regulation Z category that limits specified loan risks and provides ATR liability protections.
Qualified Opportunity Zones (QOZ) allow for tax deferral on capital gains by reinvesting in designated low-income communities to encourage economic development.
A qualified residence is a taxpayer's main home or selected second home that meets U.S. mortgage-interest deduction requirements.
Qualifying Ratios is a mortgage qualification measure used to assess borrower income, debt capacity, and affordability.
A rate lock extension continues conditional mortgage pricing beyond its original expiration, often subject to lender approval and cost.
A rate lock period is the defined interval during which a lender conditionally holds stated mortgage pricing before closing.
Rate-and-Term Refinance is a mortgage or real estate finance concept used in property financing, underwriting, valuation, or ownership analysis.
A real estate cycle is the changing interaction among property demand, supply, construction, occupancy, rents, values, and credit conditions over time.
A real estate index tracks a defined property market, but price, rent, direct-property, REIT, and activity indexes measure fundamentally different outcomes.
Real Estate Investment Group (REIG) is a real-estate investment trust concept used to evaluate property income, distributions, and public market exposure.
A real estate investment trust is an entity that qualifies under a jurisdiction's REIT regime and gives investors exposure to real estate ownership or financing.
Real Estate Limited Partnership is a real-estate investment trust concept used to evaluate property income, distributions, and public market exposure.
A real estate market connects property users, owners, buyers, sellers, developers, and lenders within a defined geography and property segment.
A REMIC is a U.S. federal tax election for a qualifying fixed pool of mortgages with regular interests and one residual-interest class.
Real Estate Operating Company (REOC) is a real-estate investment trust concept used to evaluate property income, distributions, and public market exposure.
Real estate owned is property acquired by a lender through foreclosure or debt satisfaction. Learn the REO lifecycle, valuation, carrying costs, sale process, and risks.
RESPA is a U.S. mortgage settlement law governing disclosures, servicing notices, escrow rules, and certain referral practices.
Real estate valuation estimates a property's value for a stated purpose and date using market, income, and cost evidence that must be reconciled.
Recapture rate is an appraisal allowance for recovering capital invested in wasting improvements over their remaining economic life.
Reconveyance is a legal transaction where a lender transfers the property title back to the borrower after the mortgage debt has been fully paid.
A document in which the mortgagee (lender) acknowledges the sum due on a mortgage loan. It is used when mortgaged property is sold and the buyer assumes the debt.
REFI refers to mortgage loans originating from the refinancing of existing debt.
Refinancing is the process by which a business or individual revises the interest rate, payment schedule, and other terms of a previous credit agreement.
A Release Clause in a mortgage that allows the property owner to pay off a portion of the mortgage indebtedness, thereby freeing part of the property from the mortgage lien.
Release Provision is a mortgage or real estate finance concept used in property financing, underwriting, valuation, or ownership analysis.
A Real Estate Limited Partnership (RELP) is a specialized form of business entity that facilitates investments in real estate.
Rental Income is the revenue earned by property owners from leasing their real estate to tenants.
Rental Property is a real-estate investment trust concept used to evaluate property income, distributions, and public market exposure.
A repeat-sales index measures property-price change from repeated observations on the same assets; interpretation depends on its sample, weights, geography, and revisions.
Repeat-sales methodology estimates property-price change from multiple transactions on the same assets, reducing sales-mix bias while introducing distinct sample risks.
A replacement reserve funds or estimates future major property replacements; learn how reserve studies, deposits, withdrawals, NOI, and underwriting differ.
Learn how reproduction cost estimates the current cost of duplicating real estate improvements and how depreciation affects a cost-approach value.
Resale price is the actual or forecast gross price for a property sale, before selling costs, debt payoff, and owner-specific taxes.
Resale proceeds are the cash generated by a property sale after defined selling costs, with debt, tax, and equity deductions shown separately.
An RMBS is supported by residential mortgage cash flows, with performance shaped by borrower credit, prepayments, servicing, and deal structure.
Revaluation is a property-title concept used to evaluate ownership claims, liens, and real-estate collateral risk.
A revaluation clause resets rent or another property-linked payment on stated dates using the valuation method written into the contract.
Mortgage that lets an older homeowner draw on home equity without a standard monthly repayment obligation while occupancy rules are still met.
Reversionary value estimates a property's value at the end of a forecast period and is a major component of real estate DCF analysis.
The right of redemption may let an eligible party recover mortgaged property by paying a required amount. Compare pre-sale and statutory post-sale rights.
A Sale Leaseback (or Sale-and-Leaseback) is a financial transaction in which one party sells an asset and then leases it back from the buyer.
Dive into the intricacies of second liens or second mortgages, their uses, types, historical context, and special considerations.
Mortgage that sits behind the first mortgage in repayment priority and lets owners borrow against home equity with added lender risk.
Secondary Financing is a construction-finance concept used to fund development costs, draws, inspections, and project risk.
The secondary mortgage market is where existing mortgages and mortgage-backed securities are sold, pooled, securitized, financed, and traded.
A secondary residence, also known as a vacation home or second home, is any property owned by an individual that is not their main home.
Mortgage structure in which scheduled payments include both principal and interest so the balance is fully repaid by the end of the term.
Servicing is a mortgage servicing concept used to manage payments, escrow accounts, borrower communication, or loan administration.
Settlement date is the date a securities or real estate transaction closes and payment, delivery, or ownership transfer is completed.
Mortgage structure that offers more favorable initial loan terms in exchange for the lender's contractual share of future home appreciation.
Mortgage arrangement in which another party helps fund the purchase in exchange for a contractual claim on future home equity or appreciation.
A mortgage short sale transfers property for less than the secured payoff with creditor approval. Learn the process, recovery math, lien issues, and risks.
A specified pool trade identifies the exact agency MBS pools at trade time so investors can price collateral characteristics and prepayment behavior.
Property-transfer structure where the buyer takes title subject to an existing mortgage without formally taking over the debt in the same way as an assumption.
A subordinate mortgage refers to a loan that is secondary to a first mortgage in terms of repayment priority.
A subordination clause is a provision in a mortgage agreement that allows subsequent liens or mortgages to take precedence over the first mortgage.
Subprime Mortgage is a mortgage underwriting concept used to evaluate borrower risk, approval standards, and loan eligibility.
The 2007-2010 breakdown in U.S. subprime mortgage credit that spread through securitization, leveraged institutions, funding markets, and the wider economy.
Sweat equity refers to the non-financial investment that employees, entrepreneurs, or owners contribute to a project, typically through their labor, time, and effort.
Syndicated Investment is a real-estate investment trust concept used to evaluate property income, distributions, and public market exposure.
Syndication is a method of selling property whereby a sponsor, or syndicator, sells interests to investors. This can take various forms, including partnerships and corporations.
Take-Out Loan is a construction-finance concept used to fund development costs, draws, inspections, and project risk.
Tax foreclosure enforces a property-tax or qualifying public-charge lien. Compare lien sales, property sales, redemption, surplus, priority, and mortgage risks.
A tax lien is a legal claim imposed by a government entity against the assets of an individual or business owing unpaid taxes.
A TBA transaction is an agency MBS forward trade that fixes general security terms while allowing eligible pools to be identified before settlement.
A temporary mortgage buydown uses prefunded money to reduce the borrower's opening payments while the contractual note rate and full payment obligation remain in place.
Terminal capitalization rate is the exit-rate assumption used to convert forward property income into estimated resale value at the end of a DCF forecast.
Total Debt Service (TDS) Ratio is a mortgage servicing concept used to manage payments, escrow accounts, borrower communication, or loan administration.
Traditional REIT is a real-estate investment trust concept used to evaluate property income, distributions, and public market exposure.
TRID is the U.S. mortgage disclosure framework governing the Loan Estimate, Closing Disclosure, timing, and certain closing-cost changes.
A trust account is a separate account used to hold funds or assets for someone else, whether in brokerage, legal, or estate-planning settings.
A trustee sale is a foreclosure auction conducted under a deed of trust. Learn the process, bidding outcomes, documents, recovery example, and risks.
An underwater mortgage has secured debt above the property's current value. Learn negative-equity and CLTV calculations, sale-cost effects, options, and risks.
Upfront charges are fees paid before or at closing, affecting a borrower's cash-to-close and effective financing cost.
One-time FHA mortgage-insurance charge usually assessed at closing and often financed into the starting loan balance.
UPREIT is a mortgage or real estate finance term used in property financing, underwriting, securitization, valuation, or ownership analysis.
Government-backed rural mortgage designed for eligible low-to-moderate-income borrowers, often allowing no-down-payment home financing in qualifying areas.
USDA streamlined refinancing is a mortgage-refinancing option specifically designed for homeowners who originally financed their home purchase with a USDA loan.
Using a Pledged Asset for Mortgage is a mortgage underwriting concept used to evaluate borrower risk, approval standards, and loan eligibility.
Government-guaranteed mortgage for eligible veterans, service members, and some surviving spouses, often allowing low-down-payment or no-down-payment home financing.
Federal guaranty behind VA home loans that reduces lender risk and enables favorable mortgage terms for eligible borrowers.
Veterans Affairs Mortgage is a mortgage agency concept tied to secondary-market standards, guarantees, or housing finance liquidity.
The MBA Weekly Applications Survey tracks U.S. mortgage application activity through purchase, refinance, market, loan-type, product, rate, and composition measures.
Weighted average coupon is the mortgage pool's balance-weighted borrower interest rate and differs from the MBS coupon, yield, and market price.
Wet Loan is a mortgage servicing concept used to manage payments, escrow accounts, borrower communication, or loan administration.
A loan workout is a negotiated response to actual or expected repayment stress. Learn common structures, cash-flow analysis, documentation, accounting boundaries, and risks.
A wrap-around loan is a specialized finance structure used predominantly in real estate transactions, particularly in owner-financed deals.
Seller-financed mortgage that wraps a new loan around an existing underlying mortgage instead of paying the older debt off at sale.
Yield spread premium is lender-paid broker compensation tied to a loan rate above a baseline or par pricing level.
A Z-bond is a CMO accrual tranche that receives no current cash while interest compounds into principal and earlier tranches are paid down.
Learn how a zombie foreclosure can leave title with a borrower after a stalled case, how it differs from REO and zombie debt, and what records matter.