CAPM Inputs: Risk-Free Rates and Market Premia

Compare the risk-free rate and market risk premium used in CAPM, required-return estimates, cost of equity, and valuation.

Risk-free rates and market risk premia are the two market-level inputs in the capital asset pricing model. This section explains how to define, source, match, and test them before they enter a cost-of-equity or valuation model.

Choose the Right Guide

GuideUse it for
Risk-Free RateSelecting a baseline rate by currency, term, valuation date, inflation basis, and use case.
Market Risk PremiumComparing historical, implied, survey, and policy estimates of expected market compensation above the risk-free rate.
Capital Asset Pricing ModelCombining the risk-free rate, beta, and market risk premium into a model-based required or expected return.

The Equity Risk Premium guide covers the broader equity-over-safer-asset concept. It often supplies the same practical input as market risk premium when a broad equity index represents the market portfolio, but the benchmark and method still need to match.

Input Controls

Before using these inputs, document:

  • valuation date and source version
  • currency and investment horizon
  • nominal or real treatment
  • market index and risk-free instrument
  • expected, required, implied, survey, or historical basis
  • arithmetic or geometric averaging where historical data are used
  • any country, size, liquidity, or other adjustment kept outside the base premium
  • sensitivity range and effect on value

These estimates are uncertain. A precise figure is not necessarily a reliable figure, and a model-implied return is not a promised return or personalized investment recommendation.

In this section

Choose a subsection first. Deeper term pages live inside each subsection, which keeps large topic hubs readable.

Market Risk Premium

The market risk premium is the expected market return above a matching risk-free rate. Learn its formula, estimation methods, CAPM use, and limitations.

Risk-Free Rate

The risk-free rate is the theoretical return on a default-free investment and a baseline input for valuation, asset pricing, and risk premiums.

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