Total, Expected, and Annualized Returns

Compare completed total return, forward expected return, arithmetic and geometric mean return, and annualized compound performance.

Return measures answer different questions about investment performance. This section separates completed holding-period results from forward-looking estimates and distinguishes arithmetic averages from compound annual growth.

Choose the Right Return Measure

GuideUse it when you need to know
Total ReturnHow much an investment gained or lost from price change and income over a defined period.
Expected ReturnWhat probability-weighted future return a scenario, valuation, or asset-pricing model implies.
Mean ReturnHow arithmetic, geometric, or weighted averages summarize a defined return sample.
Annualized ReturnWhat constant compound yearly rate is equivalent to a longer or shorter cumulative return.

Comparison Controls

Before comparing returns, align:

  • start and end dates
  • price return or total return
  • reinvestment and compounding
  • arithmetic or geometric averaging
  • gross or net fees and expenses
  • nominal or real purchasing-power basis
  • pre-tax or after-tax treatment
  • currency and foreign-exchange effects
  • deposits, withdrawals, and cash-flow timing
  • benchmark methodology and risk exposure

A return label does not reveal every convention. Historical performance is not a forecast, and an expected return is not a guaranteed result or personalized investment recommendation.

In this section

Choose a subsection first. Deeper term pages live inside each subsection, which keeps large topic hubs readable.

Annualized Return

Annualized return converts a cumulative investment result into an equivalent compound yearly rate, subject to cash-flow, fee, and measurement conventions.

Expected Return

Expected return is a probability-weighted estimate of future return. Learn scenario and portfolio formulas, examples, estimation methods, and limitations.

Mean Return

Mean return summarizes a defined set of investment returns. Compare arithmetic, geometric, weighted, historical, and expected means with examples.

Total Return

Total return combines an investment's price change and income over a stated period. Learn the formula, reinvestment, fee, cash-flow, and comparison rules.

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