Browse Economics

Exchange-Rate Misalignment and Realignment

Misalignment, overshooting, revaluation, and realignment terms used when exchange rates diverge from fundamentals.

Exchange-Rate Misalignment and Realignment explains exchange-rate measures, real and nominal currency values, currency regimes, pegs, floats, convertibility, devaluation, monetary standards, and capital controls used in finance.

Use these pages when currency movements, exchange-rate measurement, cross-border cash flows, country risk, or balance-of-payments pressure affects a finance decision. It sits inside Currency Valuation, Devaluation, and Realignment, so readers can move up when the broader economics context matters.

Use the table below to choose the narrower economics branch before applying a term to a model, credit view, market interpretation, policy conclusion, or risk review. Move into the term page when the evidence source, calculation, institution, market convention, or risk exposure matters.

What This Branch Covers

AreaUse it for
Exchange Rate OvershootingExchange-rate overshooting occurs when a currency moves beyond its long-run value after shocks to money, rates, or expectations.
Misaligned Exchange RateA misaligned exchange rate refers to an exchange rate that is inconsistent with a satisfactory balance of payments.
Over-Valued CurrencyAn over-valued currency trades above levels implied by fundamentals, purchasing power, external balances, or policy targets.
Realignment of Exchange RatesRealignment of exchange rates resets currency parities, bands, or reference values to reflect policy or market pressures.
Revalorization of CurrencyRevalorization of currency is the process whereby one currency unit is replaced by another.
Under-Valued CurrencyAn under-valued currency trades below levels implied by fundamentals, purchasing power, external balances, or policy targets.

What to Check

  • Currency pair or currency basket.
  • Nominal, real, effective, fixed, floating, or controlled measure.
  • Base period, inflation index, or weighting method.
  • Central-bank, capital-control, or convertibility rule.
  • Cash-flow, valuation, hedge, or country-risk exposure affected.

Common Mistakes

  • Comparing nominal and real exchange rates as if they were the same measure.
  • Assuming a peg is risk-free or permanent.
  • Ignoring controls, settlement limits, and convertibility restrictions.
  • Reading a currency label without checking which country, market, or basket defines it.

Currency explanations are educational and do not recommend a trade, hedge, transfer, or country allocation.

In this section

Choose a subsection first. Deeper term pages live inside each subsection, which keeps large topic hubs readable.

Exchange Rate Overshooting

Exchange-rate overshooting occurs when a currency moves beyond its long-run value after shocks to money, rates, or expectations.

Misaligned Exchange Rate

A misaligned exchange rate refers to an exchange rate that is inconsistent with a satisfactory balance of payments.

Over-Valued Currency

An over-valued currency trades above levels implied by fundamentals, purchasing power, external balances, or policy targets.

Realignment of Exchange Rates

Realignment of exchange rates resets currency parities, bands, or reference values to reflect policy or market pressures.

Under-Valued Currency

An under-valued currency trades below levels implied by fundamentals, purchasing power, external balances, or policy targets.

Revised on Sunday, June 21, 2026