Spreads, Discounts, and Index Rates

Rate differences, reference indexes, discount quotations, and implied pricing relationships used across banking and markets.

This branch explains numbers that look like rates but answer different questions. Interest Rate Spread is the difference between two identified rates, while Net Interest Rate Spread is a bank-specific average asset-yield-minus-funding-rate measure.

Index Rate identifies a reference used to reset another rate. Bill Rate covers discount-style short-term quotations, while Implied Rate is inferred from related prices or curve relationships.

Before comparing any of these figures, identify the two spread legs, benchmark source, observation date, denominator, day count, compounding, fees, and covered transaction. A basis-point difference is meaningful only when the underlying measures are comparable.

In this section

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Bill Rate

A bill rate is a quoted annualized rate for a short-term bill, often calculated on a discount basis using face value and a market day-count convention.

Implied Rate

An implied rate is inferred from market prices or a pricing relationship rather than observed as a directly quoted cash interest rate.

Index Rate

An index rate is the specified reference used to set or reset a variable interest rate under a financial contract.

Interest Rate Spread

An interest rate spread is the signed difference between two identified rates or yields, usually stated in percentage points or basis points.

Net Interest Rate Spread

Net interest rate spread is a bank's average yield on earning assets minus its average rate paid on interest-bearing funding.

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